Regular Expressions in grep

Searching Files on UNIX

On MPE you can display files using the :Print command, Fcopy, Magnet, or Qedit (with pattern match searches). On HP-UX you can display files using cat and even better using more (and string search using the slash "/" command), and Qedit (including searches of $Include files, and so on), but if you really want to search for patterns of text like a UNIX guru, grep is the tool for you.

Text version.

cat report.c {prints file on stdout, no pauses}
cat -v -e -t dump {show non-printing characters too}
cat >newfile {reads from stdin, writes to 'newfile'}
cat rpt1.c inp.c test.s >newfile {combine 3 files into 1}
more report.c {space for next page, q to quit}
ps -a | more {page through the full output of ps}
grep smug *.txt {search *.txt files for 'smug'}

MPE users will take a while to remember that more, like most UNIX tools, responds to a Return by printing the next line, not the next screen. Use the Spacebar to print the next page. Type "q" to quit. To scan ahead to find a string pattern, type "/" and enter a regular expression to match. For further help, type "h".

Searching Files Using UNIX grep

The grep program is a standard UNIX utility that searches through a set of files for an arbitrary text pattern, specified through a regular expression. Also check the man pages as well for egrep and fgrep. The MPE equivalents are MPEX and Magnet, both third-party products. By default, grep is case-sensitive (use -i to ignore case). By default, grep ignores the context of a string (use -w to match words only). By default, grep shows the lines that match (use -v to show those that don't match).

Text version.

% grep BOB tmpfile {search 'tmpfile' for 'BOB' anywhere in a line}
% grep -i -w blkptr * {search files in CWD for word blkptr, any case}
% grep run[- ]time *.txt {find 'run time' or 'run-time' in all txt files}
% who | grep root {pipe who to grep, look for root}

Understanding Regular Expressions

Regular Expressions are a feature of UNIX. They describe a pattern to match, a sequence of characters, not words, within a line of text. Here is a quick summary of the special characters used in the grep tool and their meaning:

Text version.

^ (Caret) = match expression at the start of a line, as in ^A.
$ (Question) = match expression at the end of a line, as in A$.
\ (Back Slash) = turn off the special meaning of the next character, as in \^.
[ ] (Brackets) = match any one of the enclosed characters, as in [aeiou]. Use Hyphen "-" for a range, as in [0-9].
[^ ] = match any one character except those enclosed in [ ], as in [^0-9].
. (Period) = match a single character of any value, except end of line.
* (Asterisk) = match zero or more of the preceding character or expression.
\{x,y\} = match x to y occurrences of the preceding.
\{x\} = match exactly x occurrences of the preceding.
\{x,\} = match x or more occurrences of the preceding.

As an MPE user, you may find regular expressions difficult to use at first. Please persevere, because they are used in many UNIX tools, from more to perl. Unfortunately, some tools use simple regular expressions and others use extended regular expressions and some extended features have been merged into simple tools, so that it looks as if every tool has its own syntax. Not only that, regular expressions use the same characters as shell wildcarding, but they are not used in exactly the same way. What do you expect of an operating system built by graduate students?

Since you usually type regular expressions within shell commands, it is good practice to enclose the regular expression in single quotes (') to stop the shell from expanding it before passing the argument to your search tool. Here are some examples using grep:

Text version.

grep smug files {search files for lines with 'smug'}
grep '^smug' files {'smug' at the start of a line}
grep 'smug$' files {'smug' at the end of a line}
grep '^smug$' files {lines containing only 'smug'}
grep '\^s' files {lines starting with '^s', "\" escapes the ^}
grep '[Ss]mug' files {search for 'Smug' or 'smug'}
grep 'B[oO][bB]' files {search for BOB, Bob, BOb or BoB }
grep '^$' files {search for blank lines}
grep '[0-9][0-9]' file {search for pairs of numeric digits}

Back Slash "\" is used to escape the next symbol, for example, turn off the special meaning that it has. To look for a Caret "^" at the start of a line, the expression is ^\^. Period "." matches any single character. So b.b will match "bob", "bib", "b-b", etc. Asterisk "*" does not mean the same thing in regular expressions as in wildcarding; it is a modifier that applies to the preceding single character, or expression such as [0-9]. An asterisk matches zero or more of what precedes it. Thus [A-Z]* matches any number of upper-case letters, including none, while [A-Z][A-Z]* matches one or more upper-case letters.

The vi editor uses \< \> to match characters at the beginning and/or end of a word boundary. A word boundary is either the edge of the line or any character except a letter, digit or underscore "_". To look for if, but skip stiff, the expression is \<if\>. For the same logic in grep, invoke it with the -w option. And remember that regular expressions are case-sensitive. If you don't care about the case, the expression to match "if" would be [Ii][Ff], where the characters in square brackets define a character set from which the pattern must match one character. Alternatively, you could also invoke grep with the -i option to ignore case.

Here are a few more examples of grep to show you what can be done:

Text version.

grep '^From: ' /usr/mail/$USER {list your mail}
grep '[a-zA-Z]' {any line with at least one letter}
grep '[^a-zA-Z0-9] {anything not a letter or number}
grep '[0-9]\{3\}-[0-9]\{4\}' {999-9999, like phone numbers}
grep '^.$' {lines with exactly one character}
grep '"smug"' {'smug' within double quotes}
grep '"*smug"*' {'smug', with or without quotes}
grep '^\.' {any line that starts with a Period "."}
grep '^\.[a-z][a-z]' {line start with "." and 2 lc letters}

cat report.c	{prints file on stdout, no pauses}
cat -v -e -t dump	{show non-printing characters too}
cat >newfile	{reads from stdin, writes to 'newfile'}
cat rpt1.c inp.c test.s >newfile	{combine 3 files into 1}
more report.c	{space for next page, q to quit}
ps -a \| more	{page through the full output of ps}
grep smug *.txt	{search *.txt files for 'smug'}

% grep BOB tmpfile	{search 'tmpfile' for 'BOB' anywhere in a line}
% grep -i -w blkptr *	{search files in CWD for word blkptr, any case}
% grep run[- ]time *.txt	{find 'run time' or 'run-time' in all txt files}
% who \| grep root	{pipe who to grep, look for root}

^ (Caret)	=	match expression at the start of a line, as in ^A.
$ (Question)	=	match expression at the end of a line, as in A$.
\ (Back Slash)	=	turn off the special meaning of the next character, as in \^.
[ ] (Brackets)	=	match any one of the enclosed characters, as in [aeiou]. Use Hyphen "-" for a range, as in `[0-9]`.
[^ ]	=	match any one character except those enclosed in [ ], as in [^0-9].
. (Period)	=	match a single character of any value, except end of line.
* (Asterisk)	=	match zero or more of the preceding character or expression.
\{x,y\}	=	match x to y occurrences of the preceding.
\{x\}	=	match exactly x occurrences of the preceding.
\{x,\}	=	match x or more occurrences of the preceding.

grep smug files	{search files for lines with 'smug'}
grep '^smug' files	{'smug' at the start of a line}
grep 'smug$' files	{'smug' at the end of a line}
grep '^smug$' files	{lines containing only 'smug'}
grep '\^s' files	{lines starting with '^s', "\" escapes the ^}
grep '[Ss]mug' files	{search for 'Smug' or 'smug'}
grep 'B[oO][bB]' files	{search for BOB, Bob, BOb or BoB }
grep '^$' files	{search for blank lines}
grep '[0-9][0-9]' file	{search for pairs of numeric digits}

grep '^From: ' /usr/mail/$USER	{list your mail}
grep '[a-zA-Z]'	{any line with at least one letter}
grep '[^a-zA-Z0-9]	{anything not a letter or number}
grep '[0-9]\{3\}-[0-9]\{4\}'	{999-9999, like phone numbers}
grep '^.$'	{lines with exactly one character}
grep '"smug"'	{'smug' within double quotes}
grep '"smug"'	{'smug', with or without quotes}
grep '^\.'	{any line that starts with a Period "."}
grep '^\.[a-z][a-z]'	{line start with "." and 2 lc letters}